# CVE-2025-25291

## Summary

- **CVE ID:** CVE-2025-25291
- **Severity:** CRITICAL
- **CVSS Score:** 9.3 (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N)
- **CWE:** CWE-347, CWE-436
- **Published:** Mar 12, 2025
- **Last Modified:** Mar 12, 2026

## Description

ruby-saml provides security assertion markup language (SAML) single sign-on (SSO) for Ruby. An authentication bypass vulnerability was found in ruby-saml prior to versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 due to a parser differential. ReXML and Nokogiri parse XML differently; the parsers can generate entirely different document structures from the same XML input. That allows an attacker to be able to execute a Signature Wrapping attack. This issue may lead to authentication bypass. Versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 fix the issue.

## Affected Products

- SAML-Toolkits — ruby-saml (< 1.12.4)
- SAML-Toolkits — ruby-saml (>= 1.13.0, < 1.18.0)

## References

- [CNA](https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-4vc4-m8qh-g8jm)
- [CNA](https://github.com/omniauth/omniauth-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-hw46-3hmr-x9xv)
- [CNA](https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e76c5b36bac40aedbf1ba7ffaaf495be63328cd9)
- [CNA](https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e9c1cdbd0f9afa467b585de279db0cbd0fb8ae97)
- [CNA](https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/03/12/patch-release-gitlab-17-9-2-released)
- [CNA](https://github.blog/security/sign-in-as-anyone-bypassing-saml-sso-authentication-with-parser-differentials)
- [CNA](https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.12.4)
- [CNA](https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.18.0)
- [CNA](https://portswigger.net/research/saml-roulette-the-hacker-always-wins)
- [CNA](https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2024-329_GHSL-2024-330_ruby-saml)
- [CVE](https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250314-0010/)
- [CVE](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43374519)
- [CVE](https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/04/msg00011.html)

## Exploitation Prediction (EPSS)

- **EPSS Score:** 20.26%
- **EPSS Percentile:** 97.3

---
_Exported from OnDuty AI Vulnerability Intelligence on 2026-09-11._